
This list provides all references in alphabetical order for the following series of posts:
- Series introduction: Cognitive barriers to analyzing “normal” thyroid lab results
- Barrier 1: Are normal thyroid reference ranges risk-free zones?
- Barrier 2: What’s wrong with calling TSH, FT3 and FT4 “thyroid function tests”?
- Barrier 3: Can a normal TSH rule out thyroid disease?
Navigate the list:
A-B
Abbey, E. J., McGready, J., Ferrucci, L., Simonsick, E. M., & Mammen, J. S. R. (2021). Thyroid Hormone Supplementation and All-Cause Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(5), 1283–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17015
Abbey, E. J., McGready, J., Sokoll, L. J., Simonsick, E. M., & Mammen, J. S. R. (2022). Free Thyroxine Distinguishes Subclinical Hypothyroidism From Other Aging-Related Changes in Those With Isolated Elevated Thyrotropin. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2022.858332 with supplementary conversion table
Abdalla, S. M., & Bianco, A. C. (2014). Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority. Clinical Endocrinology, 81(5), 633–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12538
Ahmed, Z., Ahmed, U., Walayat, S., Ren, J., Martin, D. K., Moole, H., Koppe, S., Yong, S., & Dhillon, S. (2018). Liver function tests in identifying patients with liver disease. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 11, 301–307. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S160537
Alexander, E. K., Pearce, E. N., Brent, G. A., Brown, R. S., Chen, H., Dosiou, C., Grobman, W. A., Laurberg, P., Lazarus, J. H., Mandel, S. J., Peeters, R. P., & Sullivan, S. (2017). 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association, 27(3), 315–389. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0457
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 135(6), e261–e274. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003893
Amouzegar, A., Delshad, H., Mehran, L., Tohidi, M., Khafaji, F., & Azizi, F. (2013). Reference limit of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in thyroperoxidase positive and negative subjects: A population based study. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 36(11), 950–954. https://doi.org/10.3275/9033
Andersen, S., Bruun, N. H., Pedersen, K. M., & Laurberg, P. (2003). Biologic Variation is Important for Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests. Thyroid, 13(11), 1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1089/105072503770867237
Andersen, S., Pedersen, K. M., Bruun, N. H., & Laurberg, P. (2002). Narrow Individual Variations in Serum T4 and T3 in Normal Subjects: A Clue to the Understanding of Subclinical Thyroid Disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(3), 1068–1072. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.3.8165
Andersen, I. B., Brasen, C. L., Christensen, H., Noehr-Jensen, L., Nielsen, D. E., Brandslund, I., & Madsen, J. S. (2015). Standardised Resting Time Prior to Blood Sampling and Diurnal Variation Associated with Risk of Patient Misclassification: Results from Selected Biochemical Components. PLoS ONE, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140475
Anderson, J. L., Jacobs, V., May, H. T., Bair, T. L., Benowitz, B. A., Lappe, D. L., Muhlestein, J. B., Knowlton, K. U., & Bunch, T. J. (2020). Free thyroxine within the normal reference range predicts risk of atrial fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 31(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14183
Anila, K., Nayak, N., & Jayasree, K. (2016). Cytomorphologic spectrum of lymphocytic thyroiditis and correlation between cytological grading and biochemical parameters. Journal of Cytology / Indian Academy of Cytologists, 33(3), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9371.188055
Ankrah-Tetteh, T., Wijeratne, S., & Swaminathan, R. (2008). Intraindividual variation in serum thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 45(Pt 2), 167–169. https://doi.org/10.1258/acb.2007.007103
Ashraf, T. S., De Sanctis, V., Yassin, M., Wagdy, M., & Soliman, N. (2017). Chronic anemia and thyroid function. Acta Bio Medica : Atenei Parmensis, 88(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v88i1.6048
Assimakopoulos, S. F., Markantes, G. K., Papageorgiou, D., Mamali, I., Markou, K. B., Marangos, M., & Michalaki, M. A. (2021). Low serum TSH in the acute phase of COVID-19 pneumonia: Thyrotoxicosis or a face of “non-thyroidal illness syndrome”? Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 59(11), e420–e423. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0511
Ataoğlu, H. E., Ahbab, S., Serez, M. K., Yamak, M., Kayaş, D., Canbaz, E. T., Çetin, F., Seçmeler, Ş., Şar, F., & Yenigün, M. (2018). Prognostic significance of high free T4 and low free T3 levels in non-thyroidal illness syndrome. European Journal of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.07.018
Atella, V., Piano Mortari, A., Kopinska, J., Belotti, F., Lapi, F., Cricelli, C., & Fontana, L. (2019). Trends in age‐related disease burden and healthcare utilization. Aging Cell, 18(1), e12861. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12861
Aw, T. C., Sickan, J., Shaoqing, X. D., Li, J., Janel, H., & Beshiri, A. (2019). Reference Intervals for TSH on the Architect Analyser Based on the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) Guidelines Derived from Healthy Multi-Ethnic Asians Attending a Community Health Fair. Int Arch Endocrinol Clin Res, 5(015). https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-407X.1510015
Bacci, V., Schussler, G. C., & Kaplan, T. B. (1982). The relationship between serum triiodothyronine and thyrotropin during systemic illness. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 54(6), 1229–1235. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-54-6-1229
Bailey, C. J. (2017). Metformin: Historical overview. Diabetologia, 60(9), 1566–1576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4318-z
Bandai, S., Okamura, K., Fujikawa, M., Sato, K., Ikenoue, H., & Kitazono, T. (2019). The long-term follow-up of patients with thionamide-treated Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Endocrine Journal, 66(6), 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ18-0418
Barhanovic, N. G., Antunovic, T., Kavaric, S., Djogo, A., & Spasojevic, V. K. (2019). Age and Assay Related Changes of Laboratory Thyroid Function Tests in the Reference Female Population. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 38(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2018-0020
Barnett, A. G., van der Pols, J. C., & Dobson, A. J. (2005). Regression to the mean: What it is and how to deal with it. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(1), 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyh299
Barth, J. H., Spencer, J. D., Goodall, S. R., & Luvai, A. (2016). Reference intervals for thyroid hormones on Advia Centaur derived from three reference populations and a review of the literature. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 53(3), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456321663689
Bassett, J. H. D., Williams, A. J., Murphy, E., Boyde, A., Howell, P. G. T., Rowan Swinhoe, Marta Archanco, Frédéric Flamant, Jacques Samarut, Sabine Costagliola, Gilbert Vassart, Roy E. Weiss, Samuel Refetoff, & Graham R. Williams. (2008). A Lack of Thyroid Hormones Rather than Excess Thyrotropin Causes Abnormal Skeletal Development in Hypothyroidism. Molecular Endocrinology, 22(2), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2007-0221
Beck-Peccoz, P., Rodari, G., Giavoli, C., & Lania, A. (2017). Central hypothyroidism—A neglected thyroid disorder. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 13(10), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.47
Benjamin, O., & Lappin, S. L. (2022). End-Stage Renal Disease. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499861/
Benvenga, S., Klose, M., Vita, R., & Feldt-Rasmussen, U. (2018). Less known aspects of central hypothyroidism: Part 1 – Acquired etiologies. Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 14, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2018.09.003
Berberich, J., Dietrich, J. W., Hoermann, R., & Müller, M. A. (2018). Mathematical Modeling of the Pituitary–Thyroid Feedback Loop: Role of a TSH-T3-Shunt and Sensitivity Analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00091
Beukhof, C. M., Massolt, E. T., Visser, T. J., Korevaar, T. I. M., Medici, M., de Herder, W. W., Roeters van Lennep, J. E., Mulder, M. T., de Rijke, Y. B., Reiners, C., Verburg, F. A., & Peeters, R. P. (2018). Effects of Thyrotropin on Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Serum Lipids. Thyroid: Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association, 28(2), 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0330
Bianco, A. C., Dumitrescu, A., Gereben, B., Ribeiro, M. O., Fonseca, T. L., Fernandes, G. W., & Bocco, B. M. L. C. (2019). Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocrine Reviews, 40(4), 1000–1047. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00275
Boulet, J., Massie, E., & Rouleau, J.-L. (2021). Heart Failure With Midrange Ejection Fraction-What Is It, If Anything? The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 37(4), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.11.013
Braithwaite, S. S. (2015). Thyroid Disorders [Chapter 60]. In Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management (4th ed.). Elsevier; Republished by ClinicalGate. https://clinicalgate.com/thyroid-disorders-2/
Brokken, J. S., Wiersinga, M., & Prummel, F. (2003). Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies Are Associated with Continued Thyrotropin Suppression in Treated Euthyroid Graves’ Disease Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(9), 4135–4138. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-030430
Brown, S. J., Bremner, A. P., Hadlow, N. C., Feddema, P., Leedman, P. J., O’Leary, P. C., & Walsh, J. P. (2016). The log TSH–free T4 relationship in a community-based cohort is nonlinear and is influenced by age, smoking and thyroid peroxidase antibody status. Clinical Endocrinology, 85(5), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13107
Brozaitiene, J., Mickuviene, N., Podlipskyte, A., & Burkauskas, J. (2016). Relationship and prognostic importance of thyroid hormone and N-terminal pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide for patients after acute coronary syndromes: A longitudinal observational study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 16, 45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757967/
Buha, A., Matovic, V., Antonijevic, B., Bulat, Z., Curcic, M., Renieri, E. A., Tsatsakis, A. M., Schweitzer, A., & Wallace, D. (2018). Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(5), 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051501
C-G
Cannarella, R., Condorelli, R. A., Barbagallo, F., Aversa, A., Calogero, A. E., & La Vignera, S. (2021). TSH lowering effects of metformin: A possible mechanism of action. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 44(7), 1547–1550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01445-9
Cao, Y., Blount, B. C., Valentin-Blasini, L., Bernbaum, J. C., Phillips, T. M., & Rogan, W. J. (2010). Goitrogenic anions, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormone in infants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(9), 1332–1337. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901736
Cappelli, C., Rotondi, M., Pirola, I., Agosti, B., Gandossi, E., Valentini, U., De Martino, E., Cimino, A., Chiovato, L., Agabiti-Rosei, E., & Castellano, M. (2009). TSH-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Care, 32(9), 1589–1590. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0273
Calsolaro, V., Niccolai, F., Pasqualetti, G., Tognini, S., Magno, S., Riccioni, T., Bottari, M., Caraccio, N., & Monzani, F. (2019). Hypothyroidism in the Elderly: Who Should Be Treated and How? Journal of the Endocrine Society, 3(1), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1210/js.2018-00207
Çavuşoğlu, A. Ç., Bilgili, S., Erkizan, Ö., Arican, H., & Karaca, B. (2010). Thyroid hormone reference intervals and the prevalence of thyroid antibodies. Turk J Med Sci, 40(4), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-0906-62
CDC. (2021, April 15). Getting Your Cholesterol Checked. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/cholesterol_screening.htm
Chami, R., Moreno-Reyes, R., & Corvilain, B. (2014). TSH measurement is not an appropriate screening test for autonomous functioning thyroid nodules: A retrospective study of 368 patients. European Journal of Endocrinology, 170(4), 593–599. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-13-1003
Chang, Y.-C., Hua, S.-C., Chang, C.-H., Kao, W.-Y., Lee, H.-L., Chuang, L.-M., Huang, Y.-T., & Lai, M.-S. (2019). High TSH Level within Normal Range Is Associated with Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Inflammation, Hypercoagulability, and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Novel Cardiometabolic Marker. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), E817. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060817
Chatzitomaris, A., Hoermann, R., Midgley, J. E., Hering, S., Urban, A., Dietrich, B., Abood, A., Klein, H. H., & Dietrich, J. W. (2017). Thyroid Allostasis–Adaptive Responses of Thyrotropic Feedback Control to Conditions of Strain, Stress, and Developmental Programming. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00163
Choosing Wisely Canada. (n.d.). Understand the gland: A toolkit for appropriate ordering practices of free thyroid hormone testing. https://choosingwiselycanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CWC_T3T4_Toolkit_V1.pdf
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Gao, S., Ma, W., Huang, S., Lin, X., & Yu, M. (2021). Predictive Value of Free Triiodothyronine to Free Thyroxine Ratio in Euthyroid Patients With Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 708216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.708216
Garber, J. R., Cobin, R. H., Gharib, H., Hennessey, J. V., Klein, I. L., Mechanick, J. I., Pessah-Pollack, R., Singer, P. A., & Woeber, K. A. (2012). Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocrine Practice, 18(6), 988–1028. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP12280.GL
Gilmour, J. A., Weisman, A., Orlov, S., Goldberg, R. J., Goldberg, A., Baranek, H., & Mukerji, G. (2017). Promoting resource stewardship: Reducing inappropriate free thyroid hormone testing. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 23(3), 670–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12698
Giovanella, L., D’Aurizio, F., Campenni’, A., Ruggeri, R. M., Baldari, S., Verburg, F. A., Trimboli, P., & Ceriani, L. (2016). Searching for the most effective thyrotropin (TSH) threshold to rule-out autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in iodine deficient regions. Endocrine, 54(3), 757–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1094-3
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